Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans(B.sal) is a newly-discovered species of chytrid fungus that can infect and kill a wide range of newts and salamanders. This fungus has become established in a few wild amphibian populations in parts of Europe where it is causing devastating population declines. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the causative agent of the disease amphibian chytridiomycosis, one of the factors driving amphibian population declines. Infections are treatable in at least some cases, but in the Gymnophiona has been little reported, and restricted to heat treatment in the form of increased environmental temperature. Kaupiiis not only the first record of infection in a wild aquatic caecilian but also in a caecilian of neotropical origin.

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• The Critically Endangered Lake Oku clawed frog conforms to IUCN Red List, Amphibian Ark guidelines and EDGE assessments as a priority candidate for a conservation breeding program supported by a Taxon Management Plan.
• Environmental stressors such as temperature can also affect habitat use in many organisms, particularly in ectothermic animals.
• There are a number of endocrine and other humoral factors that appear to be involved in amphibian calcium metabolism.

The development and refinement of amphibian medicine comprise an ongoing science that reflects the unique life history of these animals and our growing knowledge of amphibian diseases. Amphibians are notoriously fastidious in terms of captive care requirements, and the majority of diseases of amphibians maintained in captivity will relate directly or indirectly to husbandry and management. Ex situbreeding of selected amphibian species is recognised as an essential and integral part of the IUCN Amphibian Conservation Action Plan to stem the loss of amphibian species worldwide.

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Amphibian hematology is challenging because of a combination of several factors including small patient size, few venipuncture sites, lack of normative data, and basic variability of the amphibian leukocyte and erythrocyte counts. The following brief guidelines are presented in an attempt to guide the clinical practitioner as to collection and interpretive techniques, which can easily be adapted to clinical practice for these fragile jewels of nature. Prevent or reduce disease causing pathogens being transferred within and between wild populations of frogs. The effects of two calcium supplementation regimens on growth and health traits of juvenile mountain chicken frogs . In this manuscript, we describe and summarize the outcomes of this workshop with regards the identified gaps in knowledge, identified priorities for closing these gaps, and compile a list of actions to address these priorities.

The Quito Zoo in Guayllabamba, Ecuador began an ex situ conservation program for the Andean Marsupial Tree Frog in November 2014 with specimens collected from populations in the north east of Pichincha. These adults are currently on display, although the first tadpoles to be bred at the Zoo have been transferred to a separate management area at the Zoo. Six Polypedates otilophus were reared from small juveniles to adult breeding size over a period of 18 months. As a precautionary measure against extinction, ex situ populations of golden frogs are being maintained. Over two dozen founder pairs of have successfully spawned producing thousands of offspring.

Here, we show that supplementing the diet of prey items with carotenoids has strong positive effects on the reproduction of captive strawberry poison frogs , substantially increasing the number of metamorphs produced by pairs. This improved reproduction most likely arose via increases in the quality of both the fertilized eggs from which tadpoles develop and trophic eggs that are fed to tadpoles by mothers. Frogs in this colony had previously been diagnosed with a Vitamin A deficiency, and this supplementation may have resolved this issue. These results support growing evidence of the importance of carotenoids in vertebrate reproduction and highlight the nuanced ways in which nutrition constrains captive populations.

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This ex-situ population represents the potential founder stock for reintroductions and translocations of L. As such, these Best Practice Guidelines form a key component of the global conservation effort for L. Fallax in maximising the effectiveness of the captive management of the species.

Not all invertebrate species were suitable for long-term culture and several species were rejected by captive L. Despite the CBP being established within a range state, it was not possible to provide a diet of comparable variety to that of wild L. Our experiences may provide guidance for the establishment of live food culture systems for other conservation breeding programs elsewhere. The mountain chicken frog is among the 42 % of amphibians threatened with extinction and is dependent upon ex situ populations to recover in the wild. Amphibian captive husbandry is not fully understood and empirical data are required to optimise protocols for each species in captivity. Calcium metabolism and homeostasis are areas of importance in captive husbandry research and have been identified as a challenge in maintaining ex situ populations of L.

Publication biases away from natural history and amphibian-specific research, the inaccessibility of data in academic literature for conservation institutions and lack of time for preparative surveys before ‘rescue’ attempts are largely responsible for this data deficit. In many cases, conservation groups must collect their own data where existing information is insufficient. We suggest important parameters to record in the field and discuss the tradeallcrypto importance of considering the microclimates in which wild amphibians live when determining the methodology of recording parameters. Furthermore, we highlight the important role that public databases should fulfil to store and disseminate data. All in all, this perspective piece demonstrates the need for natural history data and outlines a road map for their efficient collection and for their practical integration into conservation programmes.

It is intended as an information source for both veterinary and keeping staff. Historically, investigators have accumulated a wealth of information on the natural history and biology of amphibians, and this body of information is continually expanding as researchers describe new species and study the behaviors of these animals. Amphibians evolved as models for a variety of developmental and physiological processes, largely due to their unique ability to undergo metamorphosis. The use of amphibians in classrooms and research laboratories has increased, along with a corresponding increase in the amount of information about these animals on the Internet. This review is intended to aid both novices and experts in the search of such information.

From February 2006, CBSG and WAZA hosted an Amphibian Ex Situ Conservation Planning Workshop in El Valle, Panama. Unlike the prior meeting in DC, this group called upon only those amphibian biologists with expertise in the issues surrounding captive maintenance of amphibians. The Working Group Reports compiled into this single document represent the ex situ community’s plan to address the ex situ conservation components of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan. Spread of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has caused the decline and extinction of frogs, but the distribution of Bd is not completely known. This survey protocol provides a simple and standard method for sampling all frog populations in Australia to maximise the chances of detecting Bd.

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On the other hand, we suggest the necessary and basic instruments and tools for amphibian monitoring and the recommended way to collect data of importance for future research. Alytes obstetricans, is widespread in Europe but is currently facing population declines in several countries. This European local businesses hiring Species Action Plan has been prepared with the support of the European Commission. These standards lay down general principles of animal keeping, to which the members of EAZA feel themselves committed. These minimum standards are intended to determine the borderline of acceptable animal welfare.

The aim of this EU SAP is to support the development of national or local action plans and conservation measures as appropriate. The information and proposed conservation actions presented in this EU SAP have been prepared in consultation with a group of species experts from all countries in the midwife toad’s distribution range, as well as through a review of available literature. The Critically Endangered Lake Oku clawed frog conforms to IUCN Red List, Amphibian Ark guidelines and EDGE assessments as a priority candidate for a conservation breeding program supported by a Taxon Management Plan. This population is under threat of extinction from the possible introduction of exotic fish, disease, invasive species and habitat modification. Longipes recognised the safety of removing founders to establish an international conservation breeding program.

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We review the existing body of research on enrichment for amphibians, as well as that for fish and reptiles, which may be regarded as behaviorally and neurologically broadly similar to amphibians. We also briefly discuss mechanisms by which enrichment might affect amphibian fitness and, therefore, reintroduction success. Our review supports the contention that there may be important consequences of enrichment for both captive welfare and ex situ conservation success in amphibians and that amphibian enrichment effects may be highly variable taxonomically. In the face of increasing numbers of captive amphibian species and the importance of ex situ populations in ensuring their species level persistence, enrichment for amphibians may be an increasingly important research area.

Both ex-situ and in-situ experiments have revealed promising outcomes but when the toads are freely released in the wetlands they disperse widely and detection becomes difficult. Cages for acclimatising the toads before hard release have been constructed in two of the Kihansi Gorge spray wetlands. Factors such as density dependence, predators, food availability and diseases have been identified of concern to successful reestablishment of the species in its natural environment. The use of large cages , close monitoring and partial control of the factors as a new approach has shown promising results at present and for future reintroduction processes of the Kihansi Spray Toad. Current data indicate that the general trend of amphibian extinctions is accelerating at an unprecedented rate and future catastrophic losses are inevitable.

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The cell keeps on inviting various industries and reputed firms for campus recruitment. Reputed industrial houses across the country visit our institute regularly for campus recruitment. The placement cell coordinates with the corporate sector and provides well-developed infrastructure to facilitate the campus selection programs. The cell maintains a very cordial relationship with all the recruiting industries and also prepares the recruited candidates to face the competitive world. For us to monitor Atelopus, as a focal species, in areas of the Andes and the coast of Ecuador.

Supports and resistances both shifting higher is bullish whereas both shifting lower is bearish. In an Option Chain, OTM Call strikes act as resistance, while OTM Put strikes act as support. Volume and open interest tell a lot about the market sentiment, in terms of the positioning of buyers and more importantly that of sellers. It is worth mentioning that most of the volume and OI activity tends to take place at strikes that are round numbers. If you observe the Option Chain, you will see that around half of the Calls and around half of the Puts are shaded in light brown, while the remaining are non-shaded i.e. in white.

• It explains why non-directional trading doesn’t require much analysis of charts or price patterns etc.
• Keep in mind that the colour of the option chain does not remain fixed.
• Instead, one must always compare open interest with price to understand the strength of the move.
• This book contains information on options trading from start to end, giving us insight into how advantageous option trading can be.

On the other hand, option buying is usually done by small market participants, such as retail traders. Hence, when lookingat theOption Chain, think from the writer’s perspective and not from the holder’s perspective. In fact, this is another reason why it is important to track the Option Chain. As most of the option writing is done by professionals and large market participants, changing Option Chain structure can often give vital clues about the impending move in the price of the underlying.

Hi Santanu, what we meant to say was when price and OI confirm each other, it indicates a strong trend and when price and OI do not confirm each other, it indicates a weak trend. For example, if rising price is accompanied by increasing OI or if falling price is accompanied by increasing OI , it means the prevailing trend is healthy. On the other hand, if rising price is accompanied by decreasing OI or if falling price is accompanied by decreasing OI , it means the prevailing trend is on a weak footing.

Well, if you notice, you will see that the shaded Calls options are at the top half, while the shaded Put options are at the bottom half. The Ask Quantity tab displays the number of sell orders (i.e. the quantity) that are placed by the sellers at the respective Ask Price of a particular strike price. The Bid Quantity tab displays the number of buy orders (i.e. the quantity) that are placed by the buyers at the https://1investing.in/ respective Bid Priceof a particular strike price. Now that we know how to search for the Option Chain of an underlying that is traded on the NSE, let us decipher each element of the Option Chain. Again, let us paste a portion of the Option Chain screenshot that we posted above. About Promoters- We are a group of Stock market professionals having more than 20 years of experience in the Stock Borking Industries.

Volume

If you look at the new website though, both volume and OI are shown as number of lots. In this Chapter, we will study about some of the important concepts that we have not studied so far in the Options Module. It is equally important to understand each of these concepts, as they are extremely useful, especially when trading options. Again, one should preferably open position only in those option contracts that have high open interest. The Net Change represents change in the price of the Call and the Put option for each strike price from the previous session’s closing price.

The OI tab displays the Open Interest statistics for each strike price and for each of the option type. As a rule, the higher the OI, the more liquid the option contract is, and vice versa. Now select the Option Chain tab, as shown in the image below. Once the Option Chain page opens, option chain analysis books the user can change the expiry or the strike price of the underlying, if he or she wants to. Also notice that the latest underlying price is mentioned on the right. Open interest refers to total number of option contracts that have been created but have not yet been closed out.

Learn How to find Less Risky Opportunities by Reading Charts and Option chain

The only drawback is that it would have been a little longer. However, so many people like the narration and understand the concepts clearly; by the time they are eager to learn more, this book makes an ending. It breaks down everything an investor needs to know about options trading to generate some constant returns from their portfolio. Surprisingly most traders deploy only ‘call buy’ or ‘put buy’ strategies which have only 33.3% winning probabilities in trading. Get 20% royalty pay of tradersgurukul revenue for all purchases by your referral for the rest of time. Option Chain can be used to identify areas of support and resistance as well as to find out the implications of shifts in support and resistance, as and when they occur.

It discusses call-and-put options, the importance of option greeks, and popular techniques to deal with critical market conditions. If you wish to learn about options trading from the start then this book is perfect for you as each concept has been covered thoroughly. Only experienced options traders like the content of the book. Beginners and intermediate-level traders might struggle to understand the essence of the book. I have seen many successful options traders who continuously generate profits with simple options strategies by taking the time decay parameter in their favor. The introduction of weekly options in Indian markets helped all these traders.

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If total Open interest built up is more for put options, it signifies market participants doesn’t expect the market to fall and it signifies bullishness. Either ways, long liquidation and short unwinding indicate a market that is on a weaker footing as price and OI are not confirming each other . The moneyness of an option does not make much difference here. Hi Shantanu, as said earlier, OI starts from the inception of the contract and is additive.

Finally, volume refers to the total quantity that is traded during the day. The LTP displays the Last Traded Price (i.e. the option premium)of the Call and the Put option for each strike price. This book is best for those who are looking forward to ruling the market by learning to master option trade. Various techniques and strategies have been covered within the book that can be employed while investing in option products. For investment management via non-equity option products and listed options.

At these strikes, the open interest has mostly increased and so have the Put premiums. This is a sign that fresh long positions are being built in Put options, which has bearish implications. As OTM Calls have strikes that are above the underlying price, the strike price of OTM Calls often acts as resistance for the underlying price. Similarly, as OTM Puts have strikes that are below the underlying price, the strike price of OTM Puts often acts as support for the underlying price. Hence, keep in mind that in an Option Chain, OTM Call strikes act as resistance, while OTM Put strikes act as support.

Just like volume, open interest also tells a lot about the prevailing liquidity in the option contract. High open interest indicates at ample liquidity, and vice versa. Again, one should preferably open position only in those option contracts that have good open interest. With practice and experience, traders can develop a good gut feeling for identifying support and resistance using the table.

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Most of the volume and open interest activity tend to occur around options that are closer to ATM. The further the options are from being ATM, the lower the volumes and open interest tend to get. Open interest that confirms the price action is supportive of the move in the price and indicates that the current trend is healthy and is likely to continue. So far, we have talked about Option Chain analysis pertaining to Nifty and Bank Nifty.

NIfty Positional Option Buying Shortcovering and Reversal Strategies With Limited capital.

Before we start, keep in mind that in options segment, for every buyer, there is a seller. If one party to the trade is buying, say, 50 option contracts, then on the opposite side there are sellers who are selling 50 option contract. Hence, the number of buyers will always be equal to the number of sellers. Now coming back to our main discussion, at any point in time, open interest could change or remain the same depending upon the type of transaction.

And as there is call unwinding as well, we can expect higher prices forward, as per the option chain statistics. Hi Varun, long unwinding occurs when option price (i.e. premiums) and option OI both are decreasing. It indicates that option price could remain under pressure in the near-term because of long liquidation. Once the liquidation comes to an end, so would the downward pressure on option prices. On the old NSE website though, in the option chain, Volume is shown as number of lots (1, 2, 3, 100 etc.), while OI is shown as quantity (75, 150, 750 etc. for Nifty and 20, 80, 160 etc. for Bank Nifty). Hence, on the old website, you will frequently see a huge increase/decrease in OI despite a small change in volume.

But if you want to learn the concept in the context of the Indian share market then here are a few recommended books written by Indian authors. As many people find it a strange and mysterious investment practice. On the contrary, options trading is an investment endeavor that can yield huge benefits. But to make the right trade decision, it is important to gain proper knowledge first for which we have enlisted some of the best books for options trading. Undoubtedly it has been one of the popular books on options trading for many years. The new version of the book contains many new chapters to explain the recent dynamic behaviors of the market along with updated charts, statistics, and strategies.

The motto of the book is simple – if a trader is interested in constant income from options, then he needs to consider his options portfolio as a business. However, it may not be suitable if a person is new to the stock market . But it is a wonderful book if a person has a basic understanding of technical analysis.

Through your explanation for the options , I am now very much clear in option chain analysis. Volume does not segregate between new money coming into the market and old money leaving the market, while OI does. Remember, OI only increases if both sides to the trade are new, and vice versa. If one side is new and the other side is old, OI remains the same. For example, if A bought 100 shares for the first time while B sold 100 shares that he had earlier bought , OI remains unchanged for that day, whereas volume is 100.

In other words, it refers to the total number of open option positions till date. For instance, an open interest of 500 means that there are 500 contracts that have been created over the life of the option contract but have yet to be closed out. However, unlike volume, which is applicable to both cash and derivatives segment, open interest is applicable to only derivative segment.